Gladitorial Combat in Ancient Rome Essay - 766 Words

Gladitorial Combat in Ancient Rome The culture of Ancient Rome had a distinct way to entertain its citizens. Besides spending times at the baths, Romans found pleasure and delight in the games held at the local coliseum. These games were among the bloodiest displays of public amusement in the history of man. Professional wrestling and boxing today, do not come close to the disgusting horrors that the people of Rome took so much pleasure in observing. Although the games were very bloody and extremely brutal, often killing many men and animals, the Romans enjoyed the scenery of life and death being very near. Watching men fight and eventually die a dreadful death, is what fascinated the Roman population in great degree as the games†¦show more content†¦The gladiators fought in various styles, depending on their background and training. Gladiatorial combat was so important to ancient Romans that they had gladiator schools to train men to be machines of slaughter for the scheduled entertainment (Johnston 28 7). These trained machines fought in festivals held for ten to twelve day periods each year and often coincided with Saturnalia, a festival celebrating the god Saturn. Professional sign makers advertised with red lettered signs; heralds also proclaimed these spectacles. Programs were also available to aid in the inevitable betting. The fights were very brutal and gruesome. The most popular fights were against a heavily armed and shielded man against a fighter with only a net and a small dagger. Depending on the emperor of the day, you might see dwarfs fighting women, Amazons or even non-human opponents (Johnston 297). Not only did people fight each other, but also bears, buffalos and other huge vicious animals. The gladiators would be forced to fight the wild beasts unarmed. In addition, many times the beast would be victorious. Beasts were also made to fight other beasts. One could watch bears fighting buffalos, buffaloes against elephants, elephants against rhinoceros. Even t he ostriches that were brought in to amuse the spectators were not spared. After dashing around the arena, they were killed by arrows from archers who were located in the stands. Fights between men and tame

Information System led Organisational Change Free Essays

string(135) " shifting of resources by appointing appropriate levels of staff responsible for the various aspects of the health information issues\." IS LED ORGANISATIONAL CHANGES INTRODUCTION The growth in computing technology has been on the rise in the last decade. This growth is specially related to the diversity of organizational activities where computer based information technology is being used. Often referred to as Information Systems (IS), the application of this wave of technology is prevalent in most modern organizations. We will write a custom essay sample on Information System led Organisational Change or any similar topic only for you Order Now Since computer systems became available to commerce in the 1960s, IS led organizational change has been the main agent for change (Lucey, 2001). The IS led organizational change is a phrase that describes a process or proprietary method where a new or revised Information system is introduced in an organization resulting in modification of the organizational structure in order to obtain maximum use and benefit from the system (Chaffey Wood, 2005). These proprietary methods may include SAP, Health Information Systems and ASAP methods among others. Regardless of their dimension and the business domain in which they operate in, Information Systems are present to support organizational activities. CHANGE DRIVERS Change is important for every organization as it reaches a stage in operations where there is need for organizations to differentiate themselves and innovate again. Managing these changes is equally vital for every organization as it affects all aspects of organizational working. The figure below shows the major change drivers and business process changes in an organization. IS LED CHANGES Over the years, the use of computers in managing information and business processes has steadily risen. Information technology is rapidly changing the business environment. In order for these organizations to survive in the global dynamic environment, they must take advantage of the enormous benefits that technology can provide in communication, business processes and marketing (Boddy, Boonstra Kennedy, 2005). Given the complexity and sophistication associated with computerization, it has become necessary to modify the procedures and structures of organizations in order to make best use of new capabilities. As a result, IS led organizational change has become the main driver of organizational change in the current modern times. IS led organizational change is extremely important in the implementation of information related strategies and enabling effective use of information systems. The figure below illustrates a diagrammatic representation of an IS led change within an organization. In order for new systems to take effect in any organization, there needs to be a change in the structure of the organization, its culture, beliefs, processes and values of its workforce (O’Brien, 2001). It is important to manage and control these changes so as to prevent IS failure. With increasing access to computers and their sophistication, the need to change the structure of the organization in response has increased; however, the ability to successfully effect these changes is still questionable. This essay therefore explores on the IS led organizational changes with reference to the health sector in South Africa. IS IMPACT ON ORGANIZATIONAL WORKINGS The health sector in South Africa developed a decentralized district based health system driven by integrated management information system (Braa Heywood, 1995). The Health Information Systems Programme (HISP) was a collaborative project between the health sector, non-government organizations and four universities in South Africa (Braa Heywood, 1995). This IT system enables for the collection, processing and analysis of data as well as the use of information for decision making at the district level (Heeks, Mundy Salazar, 1999). Currently, the HISP facilitates a national rollout of the District Health Information System (DHIS) in South Africa which aims at developing a culture of information use amongst health care workers (Braa Heywood, 1995). The DHIS is able to achieve this objective through the development of skills and knowledge in data handling so as to create relevant information for managing the district level health programmes. The development of this Information system took place within a framework of evolving technical infrastructure. It should however be noted that, whilst technical change may occur rapidly, the social process within the structures of organizations, central to ensuring sustainability, occur slowly, with both the internal and external changes becoming apparent after several years (Chaffey Wood, 2005). At the primary level, the DHIS routinely updates patient data. The implementation of this information system can be traced to an open-source, flexible, scalable, user-definable software application system which is based on MS Office Professional and uses pivot tables in excel for manipulating, viewing and graphing of data; and access as a relational database to input data (Williamson, 2000). Essentially, the software was developed for collecting, processing and analyzing primary health care data, but it has since been expanded to include quarterly TB data, hospital minimum data set, environmental health and emergency medical services (Williamson, 2000). Development of new modules, interfacing of existing applications and improvement to existing modules are generally ongoing in the health sector in South Africa (Williamson, 2000). The high profile given to this software application has given rise to a situation where Information Systems are changing the organizational structure. While the importance of Information systems in organizations is undisputed as seen in the health sector of South Africa, the ability to effect these changes in the organizational structure is still debated. There is an imperative need for changes in the structure of an organization in response to the new technology. ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGES In South Africa, organizational changes were made in the health care sector in order to institutionalize streamlining of the processes and systems created to implement and sustain the DHIS (Williamson, 2000). Firstly, this Information System led to the restructuring of the health sector to a decentralized primary health care oriented system from the previous fragmented and centralized service system (Braa Heywood, 1995). The restructuring of the health sector was driven by an integrated health and information management system. This kind of restructuring, an outcome of the transformation, has facilitated an equitable distribution of resources and enabled monitoring of progress towards objectives easier (Handy, 1999). Additionally, the district based system led to the decentralization of authority for decision making. Changes were also made to the human resources. Changes involved the shifting of resources by appointing appropriate levels of staff responsible for the various aspects of the health information issues. You read "Information System led Organisational Change" in category "Essay examples" Changes were made to the post structures of the staff and adjustments made in their job description. Subsequently, changes were made to the organizational technical infrastructure. The HISP required the development of appropriate computer and manual information tools, establishment of monitoring and evaluation mechanisms and the development of service training and supporting programmes (Braa Heywood, 1995). Incorporation of the generic and skill training components were vital for successful implementation of the HISP. Whilst these technical organizational changes were important, their use did not necessarily imply success in the implementation and management of the IS led changes. It is important to note that managing organizational changes driven by information systems involves focusing primarily in the development of the human and organizational components rather than the technical aspects (Hammer Champy, 1993). Successful implementation of IS led changes lie in the social processes of human resource development and the need for changes in the structure of the organization. WAYS OF DEALING WITH IS LED CHANGES Training programmes must be developed and designed to be sensitive to service related issues. The development of the human resources by training health managers, programme directors and other staff of the organization is necessary for successful implementation of the health information systems. Although training is an essential ingredient, it in itself doesn’t ensure successful implementation, thus there is need to link it with appropriate organizational development. These training programmes are meant to empower the staff to use locally generated information in improving the quality and coverage of health care services. These can however be realized only if training and innovation for change is supported and marketed appropriately. Therefore, a localized grassroots approach to training which is supported and actively marketed to enhance the involvement of the managers and their health workers in health information systems will be useful in facilitating the development of a culture of information use (Hammer, 1990). In order for the front line health workers to efficiently use IS as a management tool for monitoring at the local level; policy makers and health managers must develop a culture of information use where the technology is actively utilized for purposes of planning, resource allocation and policy development. Buy-in by top management is also necessary in order to ensure the sustainability of the DHIS. The lack of full commitment to this technology has been the main obstacle to effective implementation of the DHIS. To date, the DHIS has not been seen as a strategic priority and this hampers its effectiveness (Flowers, 1996). There is an imperative need for a concerted effort to convince the provincial, national and district management teams of the importance of this information system for management, the DHIS in particular. To promote buy-in, the HISP training initiatives can be revised with a clearly formulated strategy for action and marketed to the top and middle management. Across all levels, there is need for ‘DHIS champions’- those able to drive and maintain their commitment to action oriented information systems CHANGE MANAGEMENT METHODOLOGY In order to effectively manage IS led changes, it is necessary to develop a holistic change management methodology which is at the same time easy to use. An appropriate change management methodology that creates a framework in which all aspects of the change process can be fully integrated within the new system is vital. It should be noted that change management requires both an organizational and individual perspective. These changes can be managed using the ADKAR change management methodology. The acronym stands for: A- Awareness of the need for change D- Desire to engage and proactively participate whilst supporting these changes K- Knowledge on the organization as a whole and how to cope with the changes A- Ability to change and utilize the required skills in managing these changes R- Reinforcement to sustaining IS led changes. It is important to recognize that changes can only occur within an organization when the employees are aware of the organizational changes; have the desire to participate in these changes; and knowledge about the organization and how to cope with the changes. Additionally, they must have the necessary skills and training which endows them with the ability to implement these changes. Finally, reinforcement to sustaining IS led changes can only be realized by recognizing the success and failure of the IS led changes, making continuous improvement and keeping the momentum going. CONCLUSION Certainly, the IS led organizational change has been the main driver of changes in modern organizations. As shown from above, the implementation of an information system in the health sector of South Africa demands an organizational change within a framework of technical support and human resource development. Given the pervasiveness and importance of Information Systems and their close association with various aspects of contemporary organizational change, there is need for a holistic approach to managing these IS led changes. REFERENCE Braa.J. Heywood A.(1995), South Africa, Africa and Health Information Systems – The Need for a Reciprocal Collaboration. In: Health, Information Society and Developing Countries, Amsterdam: IOS Press, pp.173-184 Boddy D, Boonstra A Kennedy G (2005), Managing Information Systems: An Organisational Perspective, Harlow, Prentice Hall. Chaffey D Wood S (2005), Business Information Management: Improving Performance Using Information Systems, Harlow: Prentice-Hall. Flowers S (1996), Software Failure, Management Failure, Chichester: John Wiley Sons. Study Book: Strategic Information Systems 46 Bradford MBA Hammer M (1990), Re-engineering Work: Don’t Automate, Obliterate, Harvard Business Review, pp. 104 –111. Hammer M Champy J (1993), Re-engineering Work: A Manifesto for Business Revolution. New York: Times Warner Publishing. Handy C (1999), Understanding Organisation, London, Penguin Books Heeks R, Mundy D, Salazar A. (1999), Why Health Care Information Systems Succeed or Fail, Information Systems for Public Sector Management, Institute for Development Policy Management, Working Paper Series no. 9 Lucey, T (2001), Management Information Systems, London: Thomas Learning. O’Brien, J (2001), Introduction to Information Systems, New York: McGraw-Hill. Williamson L. (2000), Evaluation of an in-house training course for district level health workers in the Cape metropole region, University of the Western Cape. How to cite Information System led Organisational Change, Essay examples

Management Information System ERP

Question: Discuss about theManagement Information Systemfor ERP. Answer: Introduction This report is elaborating various advantages, risks, ERP models, supply chain management for Li Fung organization. This organization was founded in 1906, this organization is one trading company in Southern China (Young Mcafarlan, 2005). In addition to this, various approaches related to supply chain management and ERP model for this organization is elaborated in this report. Advantages and Risks Advantages: Advantages of the organization were involved within their supply chain management policies within the organization. The supply chain customization helped Li Fung to fulfill the orders within short timing (Young Mcafarlan, 2005). This aspect increased the reputation of the organization within the competitive market. In addition to this aspect, Li Fung started reducing risks within the organizational culture and improvised the economic scale with respect to the competitive marketplace of Li Fung. Risks: In accordance with various segments of business process of Li Fung. Among all of these risks, the main risk identified in this report is disintermediation. Li Fung was facing various issues while contacting with third parties for continuing their business processes (Young Mcafarlan, 2005). The organization started implementing E-Commerce policies within their organizational culture and organizational structure. Old economy involved within the system architecture of Li Fung increased their risks related to making the system architecture of their business process improvised and advanced. ERP Enterprise Resource Planning is one of the most effective solutions to Li Fung. In addition to this, Li Fung wanted to implement the E-Commerce applications within their organization for managing their various applications all over their target market. Figure 1: Enterprise Resource Planning Model (Source: Villa-Real, 2014) One model is being proposed in this part of the report for matching the demands and needs of Li Fung with various ERP applications all over their business target market. This model includes the following stages and functionalities within it. This model includes following aspects within it: Customer relationship management system, Sales management system, HR system, Accounting system, purchase management system, production and planning system, engineering segment and business intelligence etc (Fang et al., 2014). Supply Chain Management The supply chain management system within Hong Kong was advanced and improvised supply chain within their business segment. In addition to this, there are various important and effective business aspects that Li Fung considered while managing their business application all over their business processes and target markets. The organization wanted to omit the third party involvement within their business process. This aspect involved the E-Commerce applications within their organizational structure (Chiu et al., 2014). This aspect makes the organization competitive enough with respect to various critical challenges faced by the competitive business strategies of Li Fung. In addition to this, the organization wanted to implement the E-Commerce application for improvising their business policies within the competitive target market. Li Fung started to include the western business architecture within their business processes in order to manage the effective business processes within th eir organization. Recommendations Content based recommendations: Content based recommendations are concentrated on the improvisation of user policies and other important policies within the organization that will be helpful in solving various issues involved during the E-Commerce implementation process. Collaborative filtering systems: Collaborative filtering systems are one guideline for purchasing and communication measures important for making the customer and organization relationships better and improvised within the business processes of Li Fung. References Chiu, C. M., Wang, E. T., Fang, Y. H., Huang, H. Y. (2014). Understanding customers' repeat purchase intentions in B2C e?commerce: the roles of utilitarian value, hedonic value and perceived risk.Information Systems Journal,24(1), 85-114. Fang, Y., Qureshi, I., Sun, H., McCole, P., Ramsey, E., Lim, K. H. (2014). Trust, Satisfaction, and Online Repurchase Intention: The Moderating Role of Perceived Effectiveness of E-Commerce Institutional Mechanisms.Mis Quarterly,38(2), 407-427. Villa-Real, A. E. C. (2014).U.S. Patent No. 8,831,677. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Young, F. Mcafarlan, F. (2005). Li Fung (A): Internet Issue, 301-009.

Media & Culture - Sign Symbol Essays (2256 words) - Human Behavior

Media Culture - Sign Symbol A sign system is representation through communication which in turn leads to a shared meaning or understanding. We hold mental representations that classify and organise the world (whether fact or fiction), people, objects and events into meaningful categories so that we can meaningfully comprehend the world. The media use sign systems through newspapers, magazines, television,internet, and the radio etc. The conceptual map of meaning and language are the basis of representation. The conceptual map of meaning, are concepts organised, arranged and classified into complex relations to one another. The conceptual map of meaning although allows you to distinguish your own individual interpretation of the world, at the same time as holding similar views to that of other people in your culture. As the meaning is produced and constructed and in turn learned by a particular group of people. Therefore sharing conventions and codes of their language and culture. Signs can only convey meaning if we possess codes which allow us to translate our concepts into language. These codes are the result of social conventions which lead to the shared maps of meaning. These shared meanings are learnt unconsciously as we become members of a culture.If we have a concept of something in our minds we can say we know the meaning of this concept. However we cannot express or communicate this meaning without the second system of representation, language. Language is the only way in which meanings can be effectively exchanged between people, as people within the same culture are able to interpret the sign of language in the same manner. As the meanings become natural through the conditioning of culture. For example the word white in Australia represents a colour of purity, however in China it is the colour of death. Demonstrating that different cultures have not only have different meanings in their shared conceptual maps, but a different language to express it. As meanings change rapidly throughout cultures to really understand another culture you must live there and speak the language for some time. Cultural, social, political, and linguistic conventions are learned over time. The three theories of representation, reflective, intentional and constructionist approaches explain how representations through language work. The reflective approach is where language functions as a ?mirror? of the particular elements perceived meaning. The intentional approach, is where the authors individual views of the world are expressed. Whereas the constructionist approach is where we the audience construct the meaning through our shared conceptual maps and language. The media use these sign symbols so that an association can be made to the object, person, event, or idea etc. With this information of representation and language the media can familiarise people with many things, such as cultural knowledge. As advertising surrounds consumers, concern is often expressed over the impact on society, particularly on values and lifestyle. While a number of factors influence the cultural values, lifestyles, and behaviour of a society, the overwhelming amount of advertising and its prevalence in the mass media suggests that advertising plays a major role in influencing and transmitting social values. In his book Advertising and Social Change, Ronald Berman says; The Institution of the family, religion and education have grown noticeably weaker over each of the past three generations. The world itself seems to have grown more complex. In the absence of traditional authority, advertising has become a kind of social guide. It depicts us in all the myriad situations possible to a life of free choice. It provides ideas about style, morality, and behaviour. While there is general agreement that advertising is an important social influence agent, opinions as to the value of its contribution are often negative. Advertising is criticised for encouraging materialism, manipulating consumers to buy things they do not really need, perpetuating stereotyping, and controlling the media. The media must consider the cultural variables of each country, such as the complexity of learned meanings, norms, language, customs, tastes, attitudes, religion, traditions, education, lifestyle, values, and the ethical/moral standards shared by members of each society. These variables must be learnt by the media as not to offend the group they are portraying. Cultural norms and values offer direction and guidance to members of a society in all aspects of

Free Essays on Bolting In Wilderness Areas

Bolting In Wilderness Areas Environmental ethics in America is a fairly new train of thought in America. Few people in America even think about the ethics of what we do to the environment for our own needs and wants. The wilderness act of 1964 was made to protect a small peace of what is left of the truly natural environments left in our country. Big business, conservationists and the government are in a constant battle to decide what should and should not be allowed under this act. One of the issues that has come up in recent years is the issue of permanent bolting for climbers in wilderness areas. This issue can be seen from a couple of different angles. One can look at it from a human-interest point of view or one can look at it from a conservationist point of view. Those who see bolting in wilderness areas from a human-interest point of view have a good argument. There are a lot of climbers mainly climb on bolted climbs. These climbers are known as sport climbers and they make up a big part of the people who climb in wilderness areas and therefor a big part of the money coming into wilderness areas. These climbers would be limited to the amount of climbs they could do in a wilderness area if bolting is banned. For this reason some sport climbers would fight for the right to put permanent bolts in wilderness areas. Another reason a climber might back permanent bolting in wilderness areas is safety. With fixed bolts in the rock one can climb with a higher degree of safety than with out. The human-interest side of the argument has a lot of support not only from a lot of climbers but from big recreation companies as well. Together they have the money and political power to fight for their cause. For example, on June 1, 1998 the Chief of Forest service, Michael Dombeck, announced a nationwide ban on... Free Essays on Bolting In Wilderness Areas Free Essays on Bolting In Wilderness Areas Bolting In Wilderness Areas Environmental ethics in America is a fairly new train of thought in America. Few people in America even think about the ethics of what we do to the environment for our own needs and wants. The wilderness act of 1964 was made to protect a small peace of what is left of the truly natural environments left in our country. Big business, conservationists and the government are in a constant battle to decide what should and should not be allowed under this act. One of the issues that has come up in recent years is the issue of permanent bolting for climbers in wilderness areas. This issue can be seen from a couple of different angles. One can look at it from a human-interest point of view or one can look at it from a conservationist point of view. Those who see bolting in wilderness areas from a human-interest point of view have a good argument. There are a lot of climbers mainly climb on bolted climbs. These climbers are known as sport climbers and they make up a big part of the people who climb in wilderness areas and therefor a big part of the money coming into wilderness areas. These climbers would be limited to the amount of climbs they could do in a wilderness area if bolting is banned. For this reason some sport climbers would fight for the right to put permanent bolts in wilderness areas. Another reason a climber might back permanent bolting in wilderness areas is safety. With fixed bolts in the rock one can climb with a higher degree of safety than with out. The human-interest side of the argument has a lot of support not only from a lot of climbers but from big recreation companies as well. Together they have the money and political power to fight for their cause. For example, on June 1, 1998 the Chief of Forest service, Michael Dombeck, announced a nationwide ban on...

How English Became English

How English Became English How English Became English How English Became English By Maeve Maddox Here is a book certain to delight, enlighten, or annoy readers of language blogs like this one: How English Became English, Simon Horobin, OUP, 2016. Horobin, professor of English language and literature at the University of Oxford, has packed a huge amount of information into a 57 format of 175 pages, including bibliography and index. The book contains only seven chapters: 1. What is English? 2. Origins 3. Authorities 4. Standards 5. Varieties 6. Global Englishes 7. Why Do We Care? The first two chapters fulfill the promise of the title, placing English in the Germanic branch of the Indo-European family tree and detailing how it lost its inflexions and acquired a Latinate vocabulary. The chapter Authorities traces the early efforts of a patriarchal elite to fix living English into a straitjacket of long-dead Latin and explores the continuing desire by English speakers to be given unequivocal rulings as to what is correct and what is not. As an example of a rule originating in a period of male dominance that viewed the treatment of masculine gender as a default position as unexceptional, Horobin mentions the objection to using the plural pronoun they with a singular antecedent of uncertain gender. Certainly the male grammarians latched onto the rule and repeated it in their own style guides, but the first grammarian to suggest that he may be understood to include women was a woman: Ann Fisher (1719-1778), author of A New Grammar with Exercises of Bad English (1745). Note: From the time of Chaucer until the present, the use of plural they with a singular antecedent has been and remains common in the written work of respected authors. As an even more extreme example of sexist linguistic prescription, Horobin includes the rule of male precedence based on natural order put forward by one Thomas Wilson in 1553. Heres Wilsons comment on the preposterousness of mentioning a female subject before a male one (spelling modernized): Some will set the cart before the horse, as thus, My mother and my father are both at home, even as though the good man of the house wore no breecheslet us keep a natural order, and set the man before the woman for manners sake. Apart from putting women and the hoi polloi in their place, language critics of the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries focused on purifying English and securing it from on-going change. Daniel Defoe and Jonathan Swift admired the French Academy and wanted something similar to govern the use of English. In Swifts view, It is better a Language should not be wholly perfect, than that it should be perpetually changing. Another eighteenth-century pundit, however- lexicographer Samuel Johnson- was forced to admit the impossibility of trying to embalm language. He may have begun his project thinking, as many speakers still do, that a comprehensive dictionary of English would fix the language and put a stop to those alterations which time and change have hitherto been suffered to make in it without opposition. He discovered that such expectations were as unrealistic as any others that aim to rid human society of its many imperfections. Nevertheless, from the efforts to stop the language from changing emerged the concept of Standard English. In Chapter Four, Horobin explains what a standard dialect is and- more importantly- what it is not. 1. Standard English is NOT inherently superior to all other forms of English. [Standard English] is an agreed norm that is selected in order to facilitate communication. 2. Standard English does NOT exclude colloquial speech or regional accents. Horobin points out that its possible to speak casually, bad words and all, without flouting the grammatical principles of Standard English. As for regional accents, its possible to speak Standard English in any accent, since accent refers only to features of pronunciation. 3. Standard English does NOT exist to serve as a social marker to distinguish snobs from regular people. Standard English is the dialect of government, commerce, and education. Success in the education system and access to the prestigious professions require a competence in the handling of Standard English. Standard English is class-neutral. 4. The teaching of Standard English in the schools is NOT optional. Although Standard English is not inherently superior to other dialects that children grow up speaking at home, schools have a duty to teach Standard English to children, irrespective of their background and linguistic heritage. Home dialects can be acknowledged and respected in the classroom, but, in Horobins words, not to teach it would be a dereliction of duty, since Standard English is an essential tool for enabling children to pass exams, and equipping them for the world of work. In Chapters Five and Six, Horobin discusses the astounding globalization of the language that began as a collection of Germanic dialects spoken by a few thousand people in a confined area 1,500 years ago. English is to the modern world what Latin was to the ancient world at the height of the Roman Empire. In the twenty-first century, an estimated 450 million people speak English as a first language, and 1 to 1.5 billion speak it as a second language in places all over the globe. A language spoken by so many in so many regions will inevitably morph into different dialects. And- like Latin- English may spawn a family of new languages that will be as distinct from their parent as Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian, and Catalan are from their ancestral Latin. One of several mixed varieties of English Horobin cites is Spanglish, also called Chicano English, a mix of English and Spanish that is a well-established dialect widely used among the more than 44 million members of Americas Hispanic population. Another is Singlish, a creole that combines English with Malay and is spoken in Singapore. The final chapter, Why Do We Care, explores the reasons speakers feel so strongly about language choices for themselves and others. Modern speakers realize that English has undergone significant change from generation to generation, but that doesnt prevent them from resisting change in their own generation. Its a kind of not in my backyard syndrome. Horobin explains this unwillingness to accept changes taking place in the English of today by the fact that it is impossible for us to take an external stance from which to observe current usage. We all know whats right, either because we remember what our teachers told us when we were children, or because we have a preferred style guide that keeps us on the straight and narrow now that we are adults. How English Became English is a wonderful little book, an information-packed resource that will surely do what Horobin hopes: stimulate and inform the never-ending dialogue between prescriptivists and descriptivists. Related posts: What To Do About Non-Standard English Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Book Reviews category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:30 Religious Terms You Should KnowUse a Dash for Number Ranges30 Words for Small Amounts

Final persuasive memo prsentation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Final persuasive memo prsentation - Assignment Example This is water that members of the aforementioned community needs for purposes of drinking, domestic use, and industrial use primarily. A recent test conducted on water sources from major water bodies such as beaches, rivers and residential areas in the area revealed a disturbing pattern. This is whereby water pollution scored up to 35.71% on the pollution index. (MDEP, 2012). The following is a pictorial representation of pollution statistics in the area. Figure 1: Pollution Statistics in Boston Area As is clear from the graph, noise pollution is the highest in the region, followed closely by the pollution of water. The memo explains that some of the waste products discovered in the tested water included chemical effluent, plastics and sewage water. The chemical effluent was highly concentrated with some of the waste product that is typically from breweries. Proposed CSR program This is where Boston Beers CSR comes in. Boston Beers needs to participate in ensuring clean and safe wate r for use in the community. This is because of a number of reasons. First, the water tested was high in effluent from breweries, characterized by nitrogen, carbohydrates and cleaning reagents (Natural Resources Defense Council, n.d.). These destroy plant and animal life in rivers and bring about many ailments. Secondly, Boston Beers ranks poorly on the scales rating measures taken to reduce on water pollution. Finally, the company needs water to stay in operation. This is impossible with rampant pollution. Implementation of the Program In order to ensure that water in the community is safe for use, the company should embark on treating waste water from production. One of the ways in which the company can protect the community is by treating water on-site for recycled use, as opposed to letting it flow into the primary water sources in the community. This project is considered to be of low cost to the company. First, various authorities on the subject have analyzed the treatment plan . It is not capital-intensive like other alternative treatment plans are. For example, the cost of equipment for this method is up to 50% less than that used in the CIP treatment (Fillaudeau ,Blanpainavet and Daufin, 2006). (CIP stands for Clean-In-Place. It is a method that focuses on cleaning the interior surfaces of brewery equipment, for example the filters and pipework. Using this method, water containing acid and caustic soda from the brewing process is flushed out and the enzymes broken down using a chemical process before being released into water bodies. The proposed treatment plan is, first, better and cheaper given that it entails recycling of water while CIP does not. Secondly, CIP treatment is more expensive (Hanovia, n.d.). In addition to this, a report produced by the National Resources Defense Council indicated that breweries using this system incurred minimal costs. Lastly, wastewater costs Boston Beers at least $200,000 annually. This can be reduced significantly b y treating water. Benefits to the Company The project holds endless potential for Boston Beers. First, the program reduces costs incurred due to pollution of water by way of taxation, because authorities tax the brewery based on units of pollution. Secondly, methane, which is by-product of the treatment, can be used to power generators used in production in the breweries, which could drastically lower the cost of powering the plant. Thirdly,

The development of measurement systems that align with the objectives Thesis Proposal

The development of measurement systems that align with the objectives of public sector organisations - Thesis Proposal Example On the other hand, Hamza (2008) mentioned that performance management process is used for enhancing the productivity of the firm and develop a better brand equity in the market. Combing both these definitions, it can be assessed that performance management processes are mainly used to organise the operational activities of a firm in order to develop a better brand reflection and a competitive advantage to the stakeholders. However, Abu-Musa (2007) stated that performance management processes are initiated in an organisation to help in achieving the business goals but often managing the work processes derails the performance management processes from its original objectives. This brings in the aspect of including the strategic management process in the performance management system of a company. Focusing on the public sector organisations, Issa-Salwe et al. (2010) mentioned that operational process of public sector organisations are mostly managed in a centralised manner which reduces the efficiency of the performance management system. One of the most common problems being faced by the public sector firms is that of resource utilisation and resource management. Braz, Scavarda and Martins (2011) argued that resource wastage is a frequent problem being faced by the public sector organisations. Again pointing out these specific problems may change the direction of the performance management system in context of assisting the business in achieving its objective. Thus the question remains is how to set up a performance management process that supports the organisational mission and objectives. Based on evaluations of the performance of different public sector organisations Issa-Salwe et al. (2010) stated that it has to be considered that there is not set framework for performan ce management and thus comparison among various public sector organisations may not always be valid. This sentiment has also been mentioned by Braz, Scavarda and

Professional Integration Essay Example for Free

Professional Integration Essay Professional integration is a process of making new ways of doing work in a hospital. It is a process of hospital management in which new partnerships between healthcare professionals who are specialized in various aspects occur. Each professional would be having individual skills, knowledge, and experience and hence would be able to provide better quality of care. Professional integration would better help to utilize medical and information systems. The introduction of professional integration or integrated care pathway (ICP) would involve a lot of changes. Managing an integrated care approach would involve consideration of factors put forth by the government, department of health, management and other stakeholders. It may be difficult for a physician to perform all the tasks, as there it is not only costly, but also would create a greater shortage of human resources. Hence, it would be ideal for the physician to assign certain responsibilities to other trained professionals in the healthcare system including nurses, physiotherapists, respiratory therapists, occupational therapists, technicians, specialists, etc. Recently, there has been growth of managed care, and in this system there has been a greater need for professional integration, considering the aim of providing cost-effective treatment to the patient in the form of health packages. Using the model of professional integration, physicians would not only play the role of clinician, but would also be performing administrative tasks (Crump, 2002, Goes, 1995 Briller, 1997). A study was conducted by the Wagner School of Public Service (1997) on the implementation of an integrated health organization policy (involving professional integration) in the HealthPartners of Southern Arizona hospital. The type of approach utilized was an expanded professional model (EPM). The findings of this model were studied so that integration can be utilized on a more extensive scale. The various aspects that were integrated included a hospital, a healthcare plan and two physicians. It was found that the integration process transformed the healthcare system and brought about positive changes in management and clinical work. Professional integration involves provision of healthcare by a team. Responsibilities are shared by different professionals who work in the team. Each of these professionals would be have their own sub-cultures, and in total, all these sub-cultures would be aligned. In the study, the benefits were clearly demonstrated, and also there were a few limitations existing which were solved using certain recommendations. Professional integration would produce certain innovative ideas which could be utilized in providing outpatient, inpatient and community healthcare services. Professional integration involves the physician taken the responsibility of leader, helping to provide and manage the treatment of the patient. Once the physician leads the patient care of team-based healthcare professionals, the quality of care would improve and the responsibilities can be shared in a more appropriate manner. The organization having greater amount of professional integration would gain a competitive edge over other organizations. The organization should look into the various ways in which various professionals can be integrated, and accordingly implement them. Once there is greater amount of professional integration, automatically clinical integration would occur, which can provide even greater number of advantages. Other organizations need to consider the expanded professional model (EPM) approach study conducted by the Wagner School of Public Service, and accordingly implement them after reflecting individual characteristics. One of the most important requirements for professional integration is a workstation for the users (healthcare professional) so that efficient and prompt transfer of patient health information occurs. The user should be able to access information of the patients assigned to them. The system should have user-friendly software programs which would enable entry, modification, processing, storage and transfer of patient health information. Each user should be able to view the tasks assigned to them. Such an electronic system would provide prompts, reminders and alerts for the user thus ensuring that better clinical decision-making can be enabled, and improvements in the quality of care are seen (Degoulet, 1995 Goes, 1995).

the wasteland Essay -- essays research papers

Throughout his presentation of London and its citizens, Eliot creates a tremendous and oppressive sense of inertia and stagnation. He evokes brilliantly both the literal wasteland which World War One left and also the profound spiritual dissatisfaction which many at that time felt, as well as the need for a rebirth or resurrection. The first words of this section; ‘Unreal City’ convey perfectly the sense of awe and even dread with which Eliot views London life. There is something incredibly intense and surreal about this opening, which leads fittingly on to images of hell, war and dissatisfaction. It is clear that Eliot thought much of life was going nowhere, with people, like water, moving but never reaching a true destination or conclusion: ‘A crowd flowed over London Bridge’ and he links this image in a dream-like way to Dante’s reaction to the dead in limbo: ‘So many, It had not thought death had undone so many’ That the people Eliot is describing are actually not dead, makes this all the more haunting, as though London life is actually a living death. In fact, because Dante was talking of those who even in life had never really experienced anything, Eliot also conveys a chilling sense of dissatisfaction and isolation, with no-one ever really connecting to those around them: ’Sighs, short and infrequent, were exhaled, And each man fixed his eyes before his feet.’ Into this bleak vision of loneliness, the brief excitement of recognising a face in the crowd ‘There I ...

Ethics in the Classroom Essay

Assessments have been in existences for many years; however schools have implemented various technology programs due to changes which have occurred in the educational system. Technology has become an innovative way to document, record, and to expand student’s learning. Teachers have access to software and hardware which is used to teach students required information as well as prepare them for the world outside the confines of a classroom. This plan will explain how software is used to support assessment in the classroom, such as formative and summative assessment and how technology may be used to support these two assessments. The plan will take a glimpse into the pros and cons of using technology and the teachers’ use of technology in the classroom. Although this plan is not intended to be a required plan for any teacher, it offers a suggestive approach to the use of technology based assessment in the school system. Teachers use assessments throughout their teaching careers to help evaluate a student’s learning process. Assessments also help to gather information for others to view such as; information pertaining to the schools in their school district, the students serviced (demographics) and test results. In a recent article online, Formative and Summative Assessments in the Classroom, Ehringhaus &Garrison state â€Å"Assessment is a huge topic that encompasses everything from statewide accountability tests to district benchmarks or interim test to everyday classroom tests† (2012, p2). The two types of assessments teachers used are formative and summative, which â€Å"being creative with formative and summative assessment can seem a daunting task, but technology can assist with this and give students accessible ways to widen both ideas about assessment and kinds of assessments that students took†(Senate Office on Assessment, 2012,p1). Formative assessment is used to gather information that can be used to improve the teaching and learning of students. The main difference amongst formative and summative assessment would be how the information would be used. â€Å"When it comes to improving instruction and learning, it’s not the quantity of the data that counts, but how information is used† (Harris, Lewis, Muoneke & Times, 2010, p. 1). Although formative assessments can be done daily, weekly, or when needed, the information may be used to create a lesson plan which meets the needs of the students in his/her classroom. The summative assessments are done at the end of a course or semester; however they may contain other information such as age, race or gender and may cover general information taught over the course of a school year. The use of assessments in technology can also be challenging for some teachers and students. Therefore, educators should compare the pros and cons of using technology in the classroom and assessment of students. Technology has increased in the classroom, and with the change in technology there is a change in the way assessments are done. Usage of technology to help assess students can benefit in many ways, it can enhance the learning process of students by â€Å"help(ing) students visualize problems they may encounter and reach students with different learning styles, including visual, auditory, and experiential learners† (Teaching with Technology, 2012, pg. 3). On the other spectrum of technology it can be costly to school district depending if the schools request wired or wireless hardware. Regardless of the use of technology in the classroom or for assessments, teachers must assess their students to help understand and implement the needs of the students. Software to Support Assessment Assessments have been in existences for many years; however schools have implemented various technology programs due to changes which have occurred in the educational system. Technology has become an innovative way to document, record, and to expand student’s learning. Teachers have access to software and hardware which is used to teach students required information as well as prepare them for the world outside the confines of a classroom. This plan will explain how software is used to support assessment in the classroom, such as formative and summative assessment and how technology may be used to support these two assessments. The plan will take a glimpse into the pros and cons of using technology and the teachers’ use of technology in the classroom. Although this plan is not intended to be a required plan for any teacher, it offers a suggestive approach to the use of technology based assessment in the school system. Teachers use assessments throughout their eaching careers to help evaluate a student’s learning process. Assessments also help to gather information for others to view such as; information pertaining to the schools in their school district, the students serviced (demographics) and test results. In a recent article online, Formative and Summative Assessments in the Classroom, Ehringhaus &Garrison state â€Å"Assessment is a huge topic that encompasses everything from statewide accountability tests to district benchmarks or interim test to everyday classroom tests† (2012, p2). The two types of assessments teachers used are formative and summative, which â€Å"being creative with formative and summative assessment can seem a daunting task, but technology can assist with this and give students accessible ways to widen both ideas about assessment and kinds of assessments that students took†(Senate Office on Assessment, 2012,p1). Formative assessment is used to gather information that can be used to improve the teaching and learning of students. The main difference amongst formative and summative assessment would be how the information would be used. â€Å"When it comes to improving instruction and learning, it’s not the quantity of the data that counts, but how information is used† (Harris, Lewis, Muoneke & Times, 2010, p. 1). Although formative assessments can be done daily, weekly, or when needed, the information may be used to create a lesson plan which meets the needs of the students in his/her classroom. The summative assessments are done at the end of a course or semester; however they may contain other information such as age, race or gender and may cover general information taught over the course of a school year. The use of assessments in technology can also be challenging for some teachers and students. Therefore, educators should compare the pros and cons of using technology in the classroom and assessment of students. Technology has increased in the classroom, and with the change in technology there is a change in the way assessments are done. Usage of technology to help assess students can benefit in many ways, it can enhance the learning process of students by â€Å"help(ing) students visualize problems they may encounter and reach students with different learning styles, including visual, auditory, and experiential learners† (Teaching with Technology, 2012, pg. 3). On the other spectrum of technology it can be costly to school district depending if the schools request wired or wireless hardware. Regardless of the use of technology in the classroom or for assessments, teachers must assess their students to help understand and implement the needs of the students. To help facilitate the ongoing assessment of student’s learning; teachers may require students to do assignments outside of school. This could include visiting educational sites to help support the content taught in class. Teachers may also allow students to do presentations, such as writing papers, finding information on the web and also interactive sites. Also to help parents stay informed about their child’s learning process; parent sites are also available to view their student’s grades and testing scores. Assessments can help to oversee the progression of students, and incorporating the use of technology to help with assessment can help to relieve the stress of keeping up with many forms and paperwork, but over usage can become mundane for students. However, â€Å"as good as technology-based assessment and data systems might be, educators need support in learning how to use them. (U. S. Department of Education, 2012, p1). Information on proper use of technology should be administered to teachers before they can teach the information to their students. The introduction of hardware such as Promethean boards allows the professional development department to develop courses which have become a requirement of the teachers’ certification process. This ensures teachers have received instruction on how to implement te chnology in the classroom and the use of software to support assessment. Teachers should not rely solely on the use of technology as a form of assessment due to inaccuracy of data information. Sometimes human errors may cause problems with a students? grades or information. Over usage of technology can also obscure the information with students who may learn in a different manner. Technology can help assess students using formative and summative assessments, which can increase the learning process of students by continuing ongoing assessments to help facilitate the learning process.

My Beloved Cat

One day, Ahmad go to the Pengkalan Market to buy groceries using my car as usual. After arrived there, Ahmad started to buy all my thing listed in the notes that Ahmad made before. After finished buying, Ahmad straightly walks to the car to go home. However, during my walk, suddenly Ahmad saw a cat that really cute and thus it attract me to go near to it. As Ahmad go near to the cat, the cat makes an action that makes me feel happy and enjoyable.Thus, Ahmad thinks either the cat is someone else pet or not. After think sometimes Ahmad suddenly come up with decision that Ahmad want to take this cat go back with me and to be my pet since Ahmad also never had any pet before in my home. As Ahmad arrive home, Ahmad want to find and give a suitable name to my pet. In about 20 minutes, Ahmad finally found suitable name for my cat that is Bobby. The reason that makes me choose Bobby as its name is because the cat is male (boy) cat.Hence, Ahmad left Bobby for a while in my house and Ahmad quic kly went to the shop and buy cat food (Whiskas) and a cage for Bobby’s. Thus, Ahmad went back to home, take Bobby and put it inside its cage and feed it with Whiskas. Later, Ahmad went to my bed to take my rest. As Ahmad wake up the next day, Ahmad straightly goes to Bobby’s cage to look its condition and to give it Whiskas. However, suddenly Ahmad notice that Bobby’s has gone and Ahmad really shocked.All bad things have play in my mind. Ahmad even thinks that someone has stolen my cat, but†¦.. suddenly, Ahmad hear someone call my names several time and repeatedly. Thus, from time to time the sound being loud and louder and seems near to me. Next, Ahmad found that my boys are on my bed inside my room and actually Ahmad just dream on. Actually my younger sister calls me to wake me up to go to the Pengkalan market. The dream is really wonderful to me and Ahmad won’t forget it ever. My Beloved Cat One day, Ahmad go to the Pengkalan Market to buy groceries using my car as usual. After arrived there, Ahmad started to buy all my thing listed in the notes that Ahmad made before. After finished buying, Ahmad straightly walks to the car to go home. However, during my walk, suddenly Ahmad saw a cat that really cute and thus it attract me to go near to it. As Ahmad go near to the cat, the cat makes an action that makes me feel happy and enjoyable.Thus, Ahmad thinks either the cat is someone else pet or not. After think sometimes Ahmad suddenly come up with decision that Ahmad want to take this cat go back with me and to be my pet since Ahmad also never had any pet before in my home. As Ahmad arrive home, Ahmad want to find and give a suitable name to my pet. In about 20 minutes, Ahmad finally found suitable name for my cat that is Bobby. The reason that makes me choose Bobby as its name is because the cat is male (boy) cat.Hence, Ahmad left Bobby for a while in my house and Ahmad quic kly went to the shop and buy cat food (Whiskas) and a cage for Bobby’s. Thus, Ahmad went back to home, take Bobby and put it inside its cage and feed it with Whiskas. Later, Ahmad went to my bed to take my rest. As Ahmad wake up the next day, Ahmad straightly goes to Bobby’s cage to look its condition and to give it Whiskas. However, suddenly Ahmad notice that Bobby’s has gone and Ahmad really shocked.All bad things have play in my mind. Ahmad even thinks that someone has stolen my cat, but†¦.. suddenly, Ahmad hear someone call my names several time and repeatedly. Thus, from time to time the sound being loud and louder and seems near to me. Next, Ahmad found that my boys are on my bed inside my room and actually Ahmad just dream on. Actually my younger sister calls me to wake me up to go to the Pengkalan market. The dream is really wonderful to me and Ahmad won’t forget it ever.

Fossil Fuels essays

Fossil Fuels essays We get energy from sunlight, wind, nuclear plants, and damns... However, most of the energy that we use comes from fossil fuels. There are three major fossil fuels: Coal, oil and natural gas. These are composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. Carbon is the major element in fossil fuels. We obtain energy from fossil fuels by burning them. Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel in the U.S. Yet it has a major disadvantage. It is a strong pollutant. When it is burned, it releases impurities like nitrogen and sulfur, which combine with water vapor to create acid rain. Also, coal is a major contributor to the imbalance of the carbon cycle. When coal burns, it forms carbon dioxide. Scientists believe that carbon dioxide traps the earths heat in a process called the greenhouse effect. However, scientists have developed new methods to burn coal more efficiently, filter impurities before they are released in the atmosphere, and cut down on the release of carbon dioxide. Oil is another important fossil fuel. It is found under tons of rock, deep in the earths crust. Precisely, oil is found in rocks, trapped in little pores. When an oil well is dug in the earth, pressure from the reservoirs will make the oil spurt to the top of the well. When oil is pumped out of reservoirs, about only  ¼ of the oil available will be accessible to the pumps. Scientists and engineers have yet to discover a method to collect the remaining  ¾ of oil. Often, natural gas is found with oil. In some cases, oil companies separate the two fossil fuels and inject the natural gas back into the reservoir, creating enough pressure to allow more oil to spring to the surface. Natural gas is a colorless, odorless gas. It is responsible for fueling over half of the United States homes appliances. Some countries have discarded natural gas because they think it is worthless. Precisely, there isnt enough natural g ...

Analysis Of Coleridge Jackson

Coleridge Jackson Coleridge Jackson was a story poem written by American black woman Maya Angelou, born April 4, 1928, living in a struggle for black equality. My boss, I think this poem is written to support and sympathize with equal pace of black Americans. The first line is very powerful and puts the image of Koleridge in the head of the reader as soon as the sentence is turned into a sentence. The phrase There is nothing to worry about Coleridge Jackson is limited, and objection can not. An analysis of the rhythm of ancient crewmen of Ancient sailor frost by Samuel Taylor Coleridge is a long poem about the supernatural activities of sea crew and their crew. This work is the original of Lyrical Ballads, two books created by William Wordsworth and Coleridge. Wordsworth intends to make ordinary people into an exceptional appearance in his work and Coleridge's goal is to make this exceptional lineup normal. Fog .. was first published Critical Analysis of William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Colleric William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge were first released in the UK in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Writing movement for outdoor philosophy. Wordsworth and ST Cole Ridge are often considered pioneers of the British Romantic Movement but their collective theology and philosophy are often criticized but they are often criticized by writers because of their excellent fame as a poet It is seldom to be taken to. General Efforts ... The literary romantic era from 1798 to 1832 was the era for the literary style of the 18th century. This period is full of poets who devoted faith to their work and poetry, such as William Wordsworth, a very famous romantic poet of this era. In contrast, during the Victorian era, the poets wrote about their environment and had a pessimistic view of life. In 1797 and 1798, he lived in Somerset's Netherstoy, now known Coleridge Cottage, and was the most productive in Coleridge's life. In 1795, Coleridge met the poet William W ordsworth and his sister Dorothy. (Wordsworth visited him and was fascinated by the surrounding environment and borrowed Alfoxton Park, three miles away.) Coleridge also wrote the iconic poem Kubla Khan, Coleridge in addition to the ancient sailor Rime . I insist on insisting - as a result of the opium's dream, in delusion; and the first part of poet Cristabell. The writing of Kubura Khan on the legendary palace of the Emperor Mongolian Emperor Kubrai Khan and Ksarayi is said to have been interrupted by the advent of Pollock - it has been modified in various scientific contexts. Novel and Lolita of Nabokov

Friend GameResearch Essay Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Friend GameResearch Essay - Research Paper Example The automated collection of literature characterizes a sphere, which comprises various forms of digital formats of writing. There are certain authors who come up together owing to sharing a common interest. Nevertheless, whatever is obtainable to everybody else on the internet, as well as the interned, no longer confided their interests to bedroom in the disguise of reading. Friend Game by Lauren Collins remains an appalling article, which explained the sudden suicide of an adolescent girl owing to online bullying. Megan Meier undertook suicide owing to numerous messages sent by Josh Evans, her MySpace friend. He was a fictional character invented by the Meier’s neighbors. Sites of social networking allow persons to write their interests and opinions for the viewership of other persons.Collins states that an individual can project a broader, further confident self, a daring collection of preferred quotations, complaints, music, pleasures, and books. The statement appears to improve the impression that technology has transformed associations through writing by permitting them to becoming more open. Further, Collins states that different from Facebook, MySpace does not need the users to classify themselves with the last and first name, thus there is less illusion that a profile has any direct communication to other individuals. As such, MySpace alo ngside other sites of social networking still permit privacy to their operators, even though the idea of personal connections being dead owing to online social writing could be a means to hiding the exact individuality of a person (Palfrey and Urs 109). The modifications in individual connections through writing resulting from technology have led to persons coming together, despite the absence of privacy. It is essential for persons to gain from technologies in order to improve their ties and communication with other persons. Nevertheless, there remains a great necessity for personalization and